The recent developments in Bangladesh highlight the complexities and challenges in India’s regional diplomacy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Initially, Modi’s “Neighborhood First” policy aimed to strengthen ties and economic cooperation with neighboring South Asian countries. However, this strategy has faced significant setbacks due to various factors, including border disputes, delayed development projects, and growing Chinese influence in the region.
Despite these challenges, Bangladesh was initially considered a success story for Modi’s foreign policy, largely due to his close relationship with then-Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Hasina, who had held power in Bangladesh for 15 years, was seen as a stable partner for India. However, her rule became increasingly authoritarian, leading to widespread dissatisfaction and protests within Bangladesh. The unrest culminated in her resignation on August 5, 2023, and her subsequent flight to India.
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Hasina’s sudden departure was unexpected for India, which had strongly supported her regime, often overlooking the concerns of other stakeholders in Bangladesh. This approach of backing specific leaders or regimes, while ignoring broader public sentiments, has been a recurring issue in India’s dealings with its smaller neighbors.
The failures in India’s regional policy under Modi are not merely due to external circumstances but also stem from domestic political dynamics. Modi’s image as a strongman, along with the securitization of diplomacy, has eroded India’s liberal appeal in South Asia. The Hindu nationalist ideology of Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has particularly strained relations with Bangladesh. The 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), which excluded Muslims from fast-tracked Indian citizenship, and the broader treatment of Muslims in India have fueled discontent in Bangladesh. This discontent was evident during Modi’s 2021 visit to Bangladesh, which was marked by violent protests.
Overall, Modi’s domestic policies and the BJP’s Hindu nationalist agenda have had significant negative impacts on India’s relationships with its neighbors, particularly in Bangladesh, undermining India’s regional interests.
